托福閱讀中句子簡化你懂了嗎
句子簡化題型常常在托福閱讀中出現(xiàn),下面小編給大家分享一些方法,幫助你們攻克它。
托福閱讀的句子簡化
1、找原句邏輯:
找邏輯連接詞詞,常見邏輯連接詞:
轉(zhuǎn)折:but, however, yet, nevertheless
讓步:although,though,even though, despite,in spite of
比較對比:more/less than, as…as , while, whereas, unlike
條件:if, only if, except, unless, provide that, as long as
因果: because (of) ,since, as, why, for, therefore, hence, thus, consequently, lead to, as a result (of),result in, result from, reason, A contribute to B, attribute/ascribe A to B, explain, come from, so A that B,A be responsible for B
2、找原句主干:
誰做什么,誰是什么 (一般刪掉修飾語:定語從句,介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu),時(shí)間地點(diǎn)狀語)。
注意:若兩個句子有對比關(guān)系,因?yàn)閮蓚€分句中被比較的事物本質(zhì)可能都差不多,所以表修飾的定語從句才是關(guān)鍵,這時(shí)候定語時(shí)關(guān)鍵。
3、對比選項(xiàng)選答案:
排除有明顯與主要信息矛盾的選項(xiàng)了,排除無中生有的邏輯。
除了以上提到的托福閱讀句子簡化題答題技巧外,解答托福閱讀句子簡化題一定要掌握好語法,希望大家在接下來的備考環(huán)節(jié)能夠熟練應(yīng)用以上技巧。
托福閱讀句子化繁為簡的方法
托福閱讀中大家最煩的就是長難句,不僅影響理解還浪費(fèi)不少時(shí)間,其實(shí)對于托福閱讀句子大家要學(xué)會化繁為簡,這也是托福閱讀備考要重點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)和理解的地方,希望下面的介紹能給大家一些啟發(fā)。
1. 簡單句定義:
托福閱讀備考練習(xí)中如果句子只包含一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu),句子各個成分都只由單詞或短語表示。
2. 分析方法:
對于難度較大的托福閱讀簡單句,閱讀的基本方法是確定句子的主、謂、賓,找出句子的主干,忽略其他的成分,將長句變成短句,新托福閱讀要學(xué)會將句型結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子變成句型結(jié)構(gòu)簡單的句子。
3. 復(fù)雜的簡單句解析:
(1)不定式及不定式短語做主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語
例1.To hold people accountable for their actions is important.
中文譯文:督促人們?yōu)樽约旱男袨樨?fù)責(zé)是十分重要的。
結(jié)構(gòu)分析:不定式短語to hold people accountable for their action 做主語。
(2)動名詞及動名詞短語做主語、表語、賓語
例2. It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns, devising creative solutions,and making trade-offs and compromises where interests are opposed.
中文譯文:它涉及到探究深層次的關(guān)注,想出有創(chuàng)造性的解決方案,以及當(dāng)利益矛盾時(shí),做出交易和妥協(xié)。
結(jié)構(gòu)分析:這是一個簡單句。主語是it,謂語是involves,三個動名詞短語做賓語(屬于平行結(jié)構(gòu))。在閱讀中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)“a and b”或“a or b”的形式,其中a 與b 同義或近義,所以只要認(rèn)識其中一個詞就能猜測出另一個詞的大致意思。例如:trade-off and compromises。
(3)后置定語
例3. The most common procedure for doing this is negotiation,the act of communication intended to reach agreement.
中文譯文:做這件事最常用的方法是談判,一種想要達(dá)成一致的交流的行為。
結(jié)構(gòu)分析:The most common procedure for doing this 是主語從句;過去分詞短語intended to reach agreement 是the act of communication 的后置定語,the act of communication intended to reach agreement 是negotiation的同位語,對negotiation 進(jìn)行解釋。
托福閱讀中的長難句簡化原則
托福閱讀中有著幾種題型是每次考試都愛出現(xiàn)的,其中托福閱讀試題中的句子簡化題便是一個,這種托福閱讀題如果不會正確的方法可能會耽誤不少時(shí)間,下面就來詳細(xì)介紹一下這個問題。
句子簡化的托福閱讀試題可分為兩種類型,那解答這種托福閱讀題的方法也相應(yīng)不同:
第一種是有邏輯關(guān)系的句子。那就需要分辨是哪一種邏輯關(guān)系,常見的邏輯關(guān)系有三種:轉(zhuǎn)折、因果和比較;第二步就是要確定邏輯關(guān)系的雙方:假如是因果關(guān)系就需要確定原因和結(jié)果分別是什么。錯誤選項(xiàng)往往會因果倒置;假如是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系就需要確定作者更強(qiáng)調(diào)哪一部分信息。錯誤選項(xiàng)往往把次要信息放在主要的位置上(如but后面);如果是比較關(guān)系的話,就需要確定比較的雙方,比較的內(nèi)容和比較的結(jié)果。錯誤選項(xiàng)往往把比較結(jié)果弄反。
有些托福閱讀題型句子邏輯和答案邏輯是相對應(yīng)的,優(yōu)先用邏輯解題比較簡單,可以迅速正確解題,如例1。
Example 1 TPO5-2 The Origin of the Pacific Island People
Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.
9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○ Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.
○ The original Polynesian settlers were probably marooned on the islands, but they may have been joined later by carefully prepared colonization expeditions.
○ Although it seems reasonable to believe that colonization expeditions would set out fully stocked, this is contradicted by much of the evidence.
○ The settlement of the Pacific islands was probably intentional and well planned rather than accidental as some people have proposed.
先看原句,contrary to表示一個與主干部分相反的附加信息,主干部分在逗號之后,后半句說看起來合理的是這個壯舉是由精心準(zhǔn)備的殖民遠(yuǎn)征實(shí)現(xiàn)的,他們滿載食物和動植物。原句中出現(xiàn)了一個表示相反的邏輯關(guān)系。選項(xiàng)中只有C和D含有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。C說盡管看起來帶著充足的食物殖民遠(yuǎn)征是合理的,但是這被很多證據(jù)反駁。原句中并沒有體現(xiàn)用證據(jù)來反駁,所以C不正確。選項(xiàng)D中的intentional and well planed對應(yīng)原句的deliberate,rather than 對應(yīng)原句開頭的contrary to,原文就是否定了意外,支持了精心準(zhǔn)備,所以D正確。
但是有時(shí)會發(fā)現(xiàn)光靠邏輯去解題,有時(shí)不會簡單甚至?xí)e誤,因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)邏輯對了但語義不對,但有些邏輯發(fā)生了改變但是卻是正確選項(xiàng),如例2所示。
Example 2 TPO3-3 The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems
Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform.
11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.
○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.
○Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments.
○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.
先看句子,有not…but…表轉(zhuǎn)折,如果先通過邏輯去做題,那就直接把正確的D選項(xiàng)直接排除掉了,A,B,C都有rather than,not,not等,顯然這個方法是不行的,所以還得靠主干來做題。
句子中間逗號隔開,逗號之前是environment,之后是對environment的解釋,所以這個句子的重點(diǎn)在前半句,說許多的生態(tài)學(xué)家現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為 C群落的長期穩(wěn)定性不是來源于多樣性,而是來源于P環(huán)境。因此這句話的核心就是P對穩(wěn)定性的決定作用。只有D與原句吻合,說P環(huán)境可以被認(rèn)為增加穩(wěn)定性,因?yàn)樗梢灾С謴V泛的各種各樣的有機(jī)體,because后面的原因與原句后半句對應(yīng)。
選項(xiàng)A說: 生態(tài)學(xué)家現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為穩(wěn)定性來源于多樣性而不是P。與原文相反。
選項(xiàng)B說: P沒有多樣性。不對,原文P環(huán)境能支持更多的物種,且它沒有說P和穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)系,也不對;
選項(xiàng)C說: 統(tǒng)一的環(huán)境不可能是C群落,因?yàn)樗鼈儾荒芟馪一樣支持許多種類的有機(jī)體,主語Uniform environments出現(xiàn)在原句后半句,不是句子核心,所以一定不對。
第二種類型是沒有邏輯關(guān)系的句子,那就需要確定句子的主干成分。確定句子的主謂賓,修飾部分先不看,根據(jù)主干成分去確定選項(xiàng)(正確選項(xiàng)往往是原文的主動變被動、語序顛倒或同義替換)。假如有超過一個選項(xiàng)符合句子的主干成分,再去看句子的修飾成分信息是否一致。錯誤選項(xiàng)往往是把原文次要信息當(dāng)作主要信息來講;或描述錯誤信息、無中生有信息等。
Example 3 TPO4-1 Deer Populations of the Puget Sound
11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
In addition to finding increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.
○Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest ?helped ?him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.
○Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food(browse).
○B(yǎng)iologist like Einarsen believe it is important ?to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.
○According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer ?in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.
句子無明顯邏輯,抓住干,句子有很多逗號,我們要先找到句子主語。開頭in addition to是附加信息不會是主語,后面like舉例子也不會是主語,再后面AE是一個人名,可能是主語,后面緊接著說生物學(xué)家,是AE的同位語,最后一個小分句, found是個動詞,是句子謂語,這句話的核心是說AE發(fā)現(xiàn)空地上的草更有營養(yǎng)。到選項(xiàng)當(dāng)中,只有B說 Arthur Einarsen 發(fā)現(xiàn)無樹的覓食地點(diǎn)能給鹿提供更多更好的食物,這里的better對應(yīng)原句more nutritive,deforested feeding grounds對應(yīng)the open areas,因?yàn)閠he 表明前文中有提到,而前一句確實(shí)就說了deforested,因此完全對應(yīng),本題選B。
選項(xiàng)A說: AE與西北太平洋的密切關(guān)系幫助他發(fā)現(xiàn)有更多合適草料的地區(qū)。西北太平洋在原句中不是重點(diǎn),在A里卻是主語中的內(nèi)容,所以A不能選。
選項(xiàng)C說:像Arthur Einarsen這樣的生物學(xué)家認(rèn)為,為鹿尋找額外的開闊并擁有合適嫩草的居住區(qū)是很重要的。主語不對,且原句中沒強(qiáng)調(diào)重要性,C錯。
選項(xiàng)D說:根據(jù)Einarsen,越橘和藤槭是典型植被,某日可能可以改善太平洋西北寬闊地區(qū)鹿的營養(yǎng)。D的主語huckleberry and vine maple只是原句中l(wèi)ike分句中的例子,不是句子重點(diǎn),所以D錯。
綜上所述,句子簡化題,先看句子,有邏輯優(yōu)先根據(jù)邏輯來看,但是不一定邏輯正確就是正確選項(xiàng),還得結(jié)合內(nèi)容;無邏輯直接找主干,帶著主干信息,然后去選項(xiàng)中找答案
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