托福閱讀分類詞匯精選：生物學(xué)類

時間：2024-02-18 06:51:51 楚薇20由分享

托福閱讀備考需要積累許多詞匯才能讀懂文章，為了幫助大家備考生物類的閱讀文章，下面小編給大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿x分類詞匯精選：生物學(xué)類，希望對大家有所幫助1

托福閱讀分類詞匯精選：生物學(xué)類

chlorophyll 葉綠素

amino acids 氨基酸

protein 蛋白質(zhì)

nitrogen 氮

photosynthetic(adj.) photosynthesis(n.) 光合作用

botany植物學(xué)

botanist 植物學(xué)家

lichen 地衣，苔蘚

fungus(pl. fungi ) 菌類

algae(pl. alga) 海藻

bacterium(pl.bacteria)　細(xì)菌

organism 有機(jī)物

rodent 嚙齒類動物

primate 靈長類動物

mammal 哺乳類動物

reptile 爬行類動物

predator 捕食者

prey 被捕食者

acquatic 水生的

artery 動脈

vein 靜脈

fingernail 指甲

scale 鱗片

claw 爪子

horn 角

nourish 滋養(yǎng)，供給……營養(yǎng)

clam 蚌

crab 蝦

beaver 貍

pond 池塘

puddle 水坑

snail 蝸牛

shrimp 蝦

hormone 荷爾蒙

intestine 腸

corn 谷物

squash 南瓜

bean 豆類植物

nectar花蜜

pollen花粉

hive 蜂巢

moss 苔蘚

hibernate 冬眠

penguin 企鵝

reef 礁

coral 珊瑚

beak 鳥嘴

enzymes 酵母

larvae 幼蟲

tadpole 蝌蚪

caterpillar 毛蟲

grasshopper 蚱蜢

toad 蟾蜍

herbicide 除草劑

secretion(n.) secrete(v.) 分泌

pancreas 胰腺

odor 氣味

roe 魚卵

caviar 魚子醬

raccoon 浣熊

gland 腺體

cricket 蟋蟀

托福閱讀的做題策略分析

從題型來看，TOEFL閱讀的特點(diǎn)是題量大，涉及的詞匯面廣。要想考好閱讀，要求考生不光有扎實的英語基礎(chǔ)，還需要精準(zhǔn)的做題策略。

第一步：花兩三分鐘時間掃描每篇文章頭一兩個句子，做一個簡短的scanning，定位文章難易程度，以及了解文章大致主題。雖然平均每篇文章做題時間為11分鐘，但是有的文章七八分鐘便可以輕松對付，有的文章則需要15分鐘左右，所以這其中的時間安排就需要考生自主調(diào)節(jié)。一般來說，5篇文章中有2篇難度大一些，按部就班做題就有可能因時間不夠而做錯好幾道題甚至是來不及做，帶來巨大的損失。因此首先定位文章難易程度，同時目測文章的題量分布，這有助于科學(xué)分配閱讀部分的做題時間，是非常必要的。

第二步：通過閱讀文章結(jié)構(gòu)來進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行scanning。所謂結(jié)構(gòu)，即文章的骨架子。 TOEFL文章涉及人文社科和自然科學(xué)，大多是結(jié)構(gòu)明確的議論文、說明文，它們最顯著的特點(diǎn)是呈板塊結(jié)構(gòu)。 TOEFL文章均由數(shù)個自然段組成，正確的閱讀文章的方法應(yīng)該是把文章首句先吃透，文章首句經(jīng)常為文章主題，然后把首段的其他句子盡快略讀，文章其他段落采取同樣的方法閱讀。各段落其他句子一般來說都是用來說明各個段落的主題句，同時也應(yīng)該看一下第二句，如果有轉(zhuǎn)折詞，則此時第二句才是這一段的主旨。沒有必要每個句子都理解，很多時候這樣做無疑是白白浪費(fèi)時間。以最快捷的方式了解文章大意，從而正確引導(dǎo)下一步做具體的題，而不至于出現(xiàn)大方向的理解錯誤。而自始至終考生應(yīng)該遵循這條原則：看完文章，才能開始做題。

做題時，考生們應(yīng)該明白以下道理：

1、有據(jù)可循。每篇文章題目都根據(jù)文章布局一步一步向前推進(jìn)，即使有個別題打亂文章布局，在題干里總是有提供信息的關(guān)鍵詞將考生帶入文章的具體部位。

2、回歸原文。做題時，根據(jù)題干或選項的關(guān)鍵詞回歸文章尋找重現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞或其釋義的語言區(qū)域，同時排除相應(yīng)的選項。

3、整句分析。遇到難句子時，應(yīng)該對其進(jìn)行句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析，排除修飾成分，尋找主干部分，從而迅速把握整個句子的意思，不要盯著單個的詞不放，不然就會因小失大。

4、基于事實。每個問題的四個選項或者是對文章中相關(guān)部分的正確釋度、或者是歪曲原文、或者與原文毫不相干。換句話說，命題專家在設(shè)置試題時會玩一些文字游戲，用各種表達(dá)形式讓考生暈頭轉(zhuǎn)向、霧里看花。考生應(yīng)該明白自己的職責(zé)是辨別真?zhèn)?，找到符合文章意思和題意的選項。

托福閱讀真題訓(xùn)練1

Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and other single-celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were formerly classified as members of the plant kingdom. However, in reality they are very different from plants and today they are placed in a separate group altogether. The principal reason for this is that none of them possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates, they obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms. Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugarlike polymer called chitin, the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made. The difference between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi and those of plants is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing hyphae, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the walls of plant cells without having any effect on those of the fungus itself. It is these cellulose-destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material.

The destructive power of fungi is impressive. They are a major cause of structural damage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one of the greatest causes of agricultural losses. Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting. Some fungi can grow at +50 C, while o°thers can grow at -5 C, so ev°en food in cold storage may not be completely safe from them. On the other hand, fungi bring about the decomposition of dead organic matter, thus enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. They also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms. In addition, fungi are the source of many of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical medicine, including penicillin.

1. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss?

(A) differences between simple and complex fungi

(B) functions of chlorophyll in plants

(D) differences between fungi and plants

2. Which of the following is mentioned as a major change in how scientists approach the study of fungi?

(A) Fungi are no longer classified as plants

(B) Some single-cell organisms are no longer classified as fungi.

(D) Theories about the chemical composition of fungi have been revised.

3. The word principal in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) true

(B) main

(D) obvious

4. According to the passage , how do fungi obtain carbohydrates?

(A) The absorb carbohydrates from their own cell walls.

(B) They synthesize chlorophyll to produce carbohydrates.

(D) They acquire carbohydrates from other organic matter, both living and dead.

5. The passage mentions shrimps, spiders, and insects in line 9 because their skeletons

(A) can be destroyed by fungi

(B) have unusual chemical compositions

(D) secrete the same enzymes as the walls of fungal cells do

6. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) chlorophyll (line 5)

(B) polymer (line 8)

(D) enzymes (line 14)

7. The word those in line 13 refers to

(A) tips

(B) hyphae

(D) walls

8. Fungi have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

(A) They grow hyphae.

(B) They secrete enzymes.

(D) They destroy crops.

9. The word Entire in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) certain

(B) whole

(D) diseased

10. The passage describes the negative effects of fungi on all the following EXCEPT

(A) buildings

(B) animals

(D) soil

11. The phrase bring about in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) cause

(B) join

(D) include

12. The passage mentions penicillin in line 25 as an example of

(A) a medicine derived from plants

(B) a beneficial use of fungi

(D) a type of fungi that grows at extreme temperatures.

托福閱讀真題訓(xùn)練2

PASSAGE 16

The first flying vertebrates were true reptiles in which one of the fingers of the front limbs became very elongated, providing support for a flap of stretched skin that served as a wing. These were the pterosaurs, literally the winged lizards. The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era, some 70 million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur, and they presumably dominated the skies until they were eventually displaced by birds. Like the dinosaurs, some the pterosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossil discovered is of an individual that had a wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger than many airplanes. These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled jaws, but their bodies were small and probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movement. They must have been expert gliders, not skillful fliers, relying on wind power for their locomotion.

Birds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and have been much more successful in their dominance of the air. They are an example of a common theme in evolution, the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason — in this case, for flight. Although the fossil record, as always, is not complete enough to determine definitively the evolutionary lineage of the birds or in as much detail as one would like, it is better in this case than for many other animal groups. That is because of the unusual preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany of Archaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called the link between dinosaurs and birds. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. They have the skull and teeth of a reptile as well as a bony tail, but in the line-grained limestone in which these fossils occur there are delicate impressions of feathers and fine details of bone structure that make it clear that Archaeopteryx was a bird. All birds living today, from the great condors of the Andes to the tiniest wrens, trace their origin back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Characteristics of pterosaur wings

(B) The discovery of fossil remains of Archaeopteryx

(D) The development of flight in reptiles and birds

2. Which of the following is true of early reptile wings?

(A) They evolved from strong limb muscles.

(B) They consisted of an extension of skin.

(D) They required fingers of equal length.

3. The word literally in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) creating

(B) meaning

(D) simplified

4. It can be inferred from the passage that birds were probably dominant in the skies

(A) in the early Triassic period

(B) before the appearance of pterosaurs

(D) before dinosaurs could be found on land.

5. The author mentions airplanes in line 8 in order to

(A) illustrate the size of wingspans in some pterosaurs

(B) compare the energy needs of dinosaurs with those of modern machines

(D) establish the practical applications of the study of fossils

6. The word They in line 10 refers to

(A) powerful muscles

(B) bodies

(D) flying reptiles

7. According to the passage , pterosaurs were probably not skillful fliers (lines 10-11) because

(A) of their limited wingspan

(B) of their disproportionately large bodies

(D) climate conditions of the time provided insufficient wind power

8. In paragraph 2, the author discusses the development of flight in birds as resulting from

(A) a similarity in body structure to pterosaurs

(B) an evolution from pterosaurs

(D) a separate but parallel development process to that of pterosaurs

9. The word classified in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) perfected

(B) replaced

(D) protected

10. Which of the following helped researchers determine that Archaeopteryx was not a dinosaur?

(A) Its tail

(B) Its teeth

(D) Details of its bone structure

11. What is the significance of the discovery that was made in southern Germany?

(A) It is thought to demonstrate that birds evolved from dinosaurs.

(B) It is proof that the climate and soils of Europe have changed over time.

(D) It supports the theory that Archaeopteryx was a powerful dinosaur.

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