關(guān)于初中英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作有沒(méi)有什么好用的方法與技巧？
關(guān)于初中英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作有沒(méi)有什么好用的方法與技巧？
好的英語(yǔ)作文，不是一想寫(xiě)就能寫(xiě)成的，也無(wú)法通過(guò)閱讀幾篇秘訣就功力大增的，而是需要經(jīng)過(guò)漫長(zhǎng)的訓(xùn)練，逐漸地一步一步地提高。
小編這就為大家?guī)?lái)幾個(gè)好用的練習(xí)方法。
一、漢譯英練習(xí)
我們?cè)诖竽X中，一般都是使用母語(yǔ)來(lái)進(jìn)行各種思維活動(dòng)。作文的本質(zhì)，是把大腦中的思維內(nèi)容，用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)出來(lái)。因此，有意識(shí)地進(jìn)行一些漢譯英練習(xí)，有助于我們用英語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)自己的能力，也就有助于提供英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作的能力。
當(dāng)然，漢譯英，對(duì)大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，也是一件困難任務(wù)。
面對(duì)困難任務(wù)，我們最好不要奢望一躇而就，而是把任務(wù)分解成幾個(gè)步驟，轉(zhuǎn)換為幾個(gè)更容易的小任務(wù)。
翻譯一個(gè)漢語(yǔ)句子時(shí)，不要急著去產(chǎn)生最終結(jié)果，而是：
?、傧劝褲h語(yǔ)句子分解成幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句;②再把漢語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單句翻譯成英語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單句;③最后把英語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單句組成一個(gè)復(fù)雜的句子。
例如，翻譯句子：
這個(gè)游戲的獨(dú)特之處在于它讓孩子學(xué)會(huì)如何應(yīng)對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的問(wèn)題。(What)
先把句子拆分為簡(jiǎn)單句：
這個(gè)游戲很特別;
這個(gè)游戲讓孩子學(xué)會(huì)一些東西;
孩子們能應(yīng)對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的問(wèn)題。
再翻譯這幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句：
This game is special.
This game let kids learn something.
The kids can deal with the problems in real life.
翻譯并不難。
最后，我們把這幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單英語(yǔ)句子適當(dāng)?shù)厥÷院徒M合，使用要求的連詞，生成完整的長(zhǎng)句：
What makes this game special is that it let kids learn how to deal with the problems in real life.
接著再看另一個(gè)翻譯的實(shí)例：
申請(qǐng)材料需精心準(zhǔn)備，這樣你心儀的學(xué)校才會(huì)對(duì)你的能力有全面、準(zhǔn)確的了解。(in order that)
先從句子中提取幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句：
申請(qǐng)材料需精心準(zhǔn)備;
你心儀的學(xué)校能夠了解你的能力;
學(xué)校的了解是全面的、準(zhǔn)確的。
再把簡(jiǎn)單句翻譯成英語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單句：
The applications should be carefully prepared;
Your favorite school can have the knowledge of your abilities;
The knowledge is total and accurate.
最后適當(dāng)?shù)厥÷院徒M合，并使用要求的連詞，形成一個(gè)完整的長(zhǎng)句：
The applications should be carefully prepared in order that your favorite school can have a total and accurate knowledge of your abilities.
可以看到，分解成幾個(gè)步驟以后，漢譯英其實(shí)并不難。
平時(shí)的練習(xí)，不一定去找一些困難的句子進(jìn)行練習(xí)，可以直接找出課文的中文譯文，嘗試去翻譯成英文。
在翻譯的過(guò)程中，同樣可以先寫(xiě)出一些最簡(jiǎn)單的句子，再把句子組合成長(zhǎng)句復(fù)句。翻譯完成后，再和原文對(duì)比，去發(fā)現(xiàn)原文的精妙之處以及自己還存在哪些不足。
二、課文改寫(xiě)：
剛開(kāi)始進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作練習(xí)時(shí)，如果水平較低，可以先不急著直接寫(xiě)作文，可以先對(duì)學(xué)過(guò)的課文進(jìn)行改寫(xiě)練習(xí)，等到寫(xiě)作能力提高到一定水平之后，再練習(xí)怎樣寫(xiě)出作文。
1、摘要寫(xiě)作
對(duì)于任何一門(mén)語(yǔ)言，我們都可以使用數(shù)十上百種不同的方式，來(lái)表達(dá)相同的意思。語(yǔ)言的這種多樣性，既是語(yǔ)言的魅力，也帶來(lái)不少學(xué)習(xí)中的困難。能夠用不同的語(yǔ)言、用自己產(chǎn)生的話(huà)來(lái)重述課文的內(nèi)容，應(yīng)該是語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)者必須擁有的能力。
為了提高寫(xiě)作能力，我們可以在學(xué)完一篇課文以后，嘗試對(duì)課文內(nèi)容進(jìn)行改寫(xiě)。
在初學(xué)階段，學(xué)習(xí)者完成課文改寫(xiě)的任務(wù)可能會(huì)有困難，這時(shí)，我們可以使用各種提問(wèn)作提示，降低寫(xiě)作的難度。
在新概念二的教材中，每篇課文后提供的“摘要寫(xiě)作(summary writing)”的作業(yè)，就是一種很好的改寫(xiě)課文的方法。
在摘要寫(xiě)作中，先提供幾個(gè)問(wèn)題，然后讓學(xué)生來(lái)回答這些問(wèn)題，最后把回答的內(nèi)容匯總，就形成一篇短文。
例如，在第一課的摘要寫(xiě)作中，提供了8個(gè)問(wèn)題：
1 Where did the writer go last week?
2 Did he enjoy the play or not?
3 Who was sitting behind him?
4 Were they talking loudly, or were they talking quietly?
5 Could the writer hear the actors or not?
6 Did he turn round or not?
7 What did he say?
8 Did the young man say, “The play is not interesting,” or did he say, “This is a private conversation!”?
學(xué)生嘗試用一句短句來(lái)問(wèn)答每一個(gè)提問(wèn)：
1 The writer went to the theater last week.
2 He didn’t enjoy the play.
3 A young man and a young woman were sitting behind him.
4 They were talking loudly.
5 The writer couldn’t hear the actors.
6 He turned round.
7 He said, “I can’t hear a word!”
8 The young man said, “This is a private conversation!”
然后，把這些回答放在一起，就變成了一篇短文：
The writer went to the theater last week. He didn’t enjoy the play. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind him. They were talking loudly. The writer couldn’t hear the actors. He turned round. He said, “I can’t hear a word!” The young man said, “This is a private conversation!”
最后，數(shù)一數(shù)短文的字?jǐn)?shù)，共53個(gè)單詞。作業(yè)的要求是不要超過(guò)55個(gè)單詞。
這個(gè)摘要寫(xiě)作中的提問(wèn)和回答方式，和我曾介紹口語(yǔ)分組訓(xùn)練中，由主持人提出封閉性問(wèn)題，讓組員用簡(jiǎn)短的完整句子來(lái)問(wèn)答，所使用的技巧是差不多的。所以，在口語(yǔ)的分組討論中，也可以圍繞著課文的內(nèi)容來(lái)進(jìn)行討論，并且直接使用這些提問(wèn)，作為討論中的素材。
2、關(guān)鍵詞造句
除了摘要寫(xiě)作之外，我們還可以在課文中選擇5-10個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，寫(xiě)到紙上，然后利用關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)造句，從而復(fù)述出課文的大概內(nèi)容。
還是以這篇課文為例，我們可以選取單詞：theater, play, enjoy, loudly, angry, turn round, hear, rudely, private。
再用這些關(guān)鍵詞作提示或造句，寫(xiě)出一些簡(jiǎn)單的句子：
Last week I went to the theater.
I was watching a play.
I couldn’t enjoy the play.
A young man and a young woman sat behind me.
They talked loudly.
I became angry.
I turned round.
I said that I couldn’t hear a word.
The young man replied rudely that that was a private conversation.
然后，把這些句子用連接詞連系起來(lái)，盡量用自己的話(huà)寫(xiě)出文章的大概意思。例：
Last week I went to the theater to watch a play. I couldn’t enjoy the play, for a young man and a young woman sitting behind me talked loudly. I became very angry and turned round to say that I couldn’t hear a word. The young man replied rudely that that was a private conversation. (55 words)
除了使用關(guān)鍵詞作提示以外，也可以用中文譯文作提示，來(lái)逐句翻譯，或?qū)懗鑫恼碌拇蟾艃?nèi)容。
3、改變時(shí)態(tài)
這篇課文講述的是上周發(fā)生的事情，因此文章中的句子基本上都是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。我們可以旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間軸到觀看戲劇的前一天，然后假想自己就是作者，來(lái)展望即將到來(lái)的表演。
Tomorrow night I will go to the theater. A play which I expect to see for a very long time will be performed there. The play will be very interesting. The audience of course will be very gentle and polite. They will not talk loudly when watching the play. Everyone will enjoy the play. I can hardly wait to watch the play.
同樣，我們可以旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間軸到正在看戲的當(dāng)時(shí)，假設(shè)作者氣沖沖地到洗手間休息了一會(huì)，然后忍不住給朋友發(fā)信息抱怨。在這些信息中，我們嘗試盡量去使用現(xiàn)在的時(shí)態(tài)：
Tom, I feel very bad now. I am watching a play in the theater. The play is very interesting, but I don’t enjoy it. A young man and a young woman sitting behind me talk loudly. So I can not hear the actors. I turn round and angrily say, ‘I can’t hear a word!’ But the young man replies rudely, ‘This is a private conversation!’
盡管在發(fā)信息時(shí)，事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生了，似乎需要用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，但為了在抱怨中向朋友強(qiáng)調(diào)這件事情剛剛才發(fā)生(主要是我們想訓(xùn)練現(xiàn)在時(shí))，仍然可以用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)講述。
有些課文主要使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，我們就去構(gòu)想用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)或過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)描述課文內(nèi)容的場(chǎng)景。
有些課文主要使用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)，我們就去構(gòu)想使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)或過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的場(chǎng)景。
例如新概念二第13課：
The Greenwood Boys are a group of pop singers. At present, they are visiting all parts of the country. They will be arriving here tomorrow. They will be coming by train and most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station. Tomorrow evening they will be singing at the Workers' Club. The Greenwood Boys will be staying for five days. During this time, they will give five performances. As usual, the police will have a difficult time. They will be trying to keep order. It is always the same on these occasions.
可以假想多年以后，回憶當(dāng)時(shí)看演唱會(huì)的經(jīng)歷：
The Greenwood Boys was a group of pop singers when I was a child. One year they had visited all parts of the country. They arrived at my hometown on a weedend. They came by train and most of the young people in the town met them at the station. They sang at the Workers' Club. The Greenwood Boys had been staying for five days. During that time, they had given five performances. The police had a difficult time for they tried to keep order. It was always the same on those occasions.
4、轉(zhuǎn)換角色
我們還可以轉(zhuǎn)換角色來(lái)復(fù)述課文的內(nèi)容。
例如，我可以假設(shè)自己就是看戲的那個(gè)年輕人，在第二天向朋友講述(或?qū)懶?昨天發(fā)生的事情：
Last night I went to the theatre with my girlfriend Mary to watch a play. I paid little attention to the play because I was very exciting to be with Mary. When we was talking, the man sitting in front of us turned back and said angrily that he couldn’t hear a word! I though that he want to hear what we were talking about. I told him that it was none of his business and this was a private conversation! But the man said that he couldn’t hear the actors and people should keep in silence in the theatre! How embarrassed we were! I apologized to him and Mary and I didn’t talk any more when watching the play.
這里列出的四種課文改寫(xiě)方式，都是以課文已有的內(nèi)容為基礎(chǔ)，這樣，學(xué)生不會(huì)感到無(wú)內(nèi)容可寫(xiě)。在改寫(xiě)的過(guò)程中，可以只對(duì)課文原來(lái)的句型作一些簡(jiǎn)單的轉(zhuǎn)換或組合來(lái)完成，從而使改寫(xiě)的難度相對(duì)較低，學(xué)生能夠順利地完成，并且寫(xiě)出的文章中語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤較少。
當(dāng)然，我們并不需要對(duì)每篇課文都作四種改寫(xiě)。老師可以根據(jù)課文的類(lèi)型、難度和學(xué)生的水平，選擇其中一種方式進(jìn)行示范和練習(xí)就可以了。
隨著學(xué)生寫(xiě)作水平的提高，可以適當(dāng)?shù)刂鸩降卦黾痈膶?xiě)的難度。在新概念的教材上，后續(xù)的單元中也逐步展示了怎樣來(lái)增加摘要寫(xiě)作的難度。
學(xué)生水平提高到足夠程度以后，就可以給出類(lèi)似考試中的作文題目，讓學(xué)生去完成。
三、應(yīng)試作文訓(xùn)練
我們?cè)趯?xiě)作文時(shí)，常常想著一下子就在思維中把文章構(gòu)思好，然后一氣呵成地寫(xiě)出來(lái)。
想法越大，越急，思維越混亂，越是找不到合適的單詞，寫(xiě)不出適當(dāng)?shù)木渥印?/p>
平時(shí)訓(xùn)練中，可以按照一定的步驟，一步一步地在草稿紙上寫(xiě)出中間結(jié)果，最后才綜合起來(lái)，產(chǎn)生最終結(jié)果。訓(xùn)練的步驟如下：
?、俑鶕?jù)題目提示，寫(xiě)出一句或幾句最簡(jiǎn)單的句子，可以是原文照抄或直接翻譯。②根據(jù)因果關(guān)系，向前推原因，向后推結(jié)果，寫(xiě)出更多的句子。③寫(xiě)出這些句子的對(duì)立句，再以對(duì)立句為提示，寫(xiě)了更多因果關(guān)系的句子。④對(duì)這些簡(jiǎn)單句進(jìn)行整合和取舍，用各種連詞連接起來(lái)，形成一篇文章。
按照這些路線(xiàn)來(lái)思維，從簡(jiǎn)單的容易的內(nèi)容出發(fā)，一步一步地慢慢走，自然不愁找不到內(nèi)容，也不愁寫(xiě)不出文章。
在寫(xiě)作的練習(xí)階段：①盡量寫(xiě)出簡(jiǎn)單句;②盡量使用四種長(zhǎng)詞組的常用用法;③盡量使用常用連詞連接。
這樣做，能夠保證：①寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中壓力較小;②寫(xiě)出的句子語(yǔ)法正確。
通過(guò)不斷地練習(xí)，寫(xiě)作水平越來(lái)越高，能夠輕松地尋找到寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容以后，我們可以逐漸嘗試在寫(xiě)作中使用一些更難的用法。
接下來(lái)，我們用寫(xiě)信和寫(xiě)議論文兩個(gè)實(shí)例，來(lái)展示具體的寫(xiě)作過(guò)程。
1、如何寫(xiě)一封信
寫(xiě)信，是應(yīng)試作文常常考查的內(nèi)容。
我們以一篇高考作文真題為例，來(lái)看看該怎樣寫(xiě)出一封信。真題如下：
假定你是李華，暑假想去一家外貿(mào)公司兼職，已寫(xiě)好申請(qǐng)書(shū)和個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷(resume)。給外教Mr. Jenkins寫(xiě)信，請(qǐng)他幫你修改所附材料的文字和格式(format)。注意：1)詞數(shù)100左右;2)可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，已使行文連貫。
讀完真題以后，我們可以自問(wèn)自答：依次給自己提一些問(wèn)題，然后嘗試使用最簡(jiǎn)單的句子來(lái)回答。
首先，回答問(wèn)題：你現(xiàn)在在干什么?
I am writing a letter to Mr. Jenkins.
其次，回答問(wèn)題：為什么要寫(xiě)信?原因是什么?
我們一般從過(guò)去或現(xiàn)狀中，去尋找原因。在別人來(lái)信之后寫(xiě)回信，我們一般還會(huì)簡(jiǎn)略復(fù)述對(duì)方(過(guò)去)信中的某些內(nèi)容。
Mr Jenkins is Li Hua’s English teacher. (直接翻譯)
Li Hua has a plan that he will apply a part-time job in a foreign capital company in summer vacation. (直接翻譯)
Li Hua wants to earn money for his college education. (因果)
Li Hua wants to practise his English. (因果)
Li Hua wants to have more social experience. (因果)
Li hua has already writen down the application and the personal resume. (直接翻譯)
Li hua is afraid that there are some unproper words and formats in his application and resume. (因果)
再次，回答問(wèn)題：寫(xiě)信的目的是什么?
我們一般是從現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)中，去尋找目的。
Li hua wants to get some helps from Mr. Jenkins. (直接翻譯)
Mr. Jenkins can check Li hua's application and resume. (因果)
He can find some error in Li Hua’s application and resume, and then corrects them. (因果)
最后，我們嘗試寫(xiě)出一些對(duì)比關(guān)系的句子，然后進(jìn)一步思考因果關(guān)系。
Li hua don’t want Mr. Jenkins help him. (對(duì)比)
No. Li hua has already carefully checked the application and resume for many times. (因果)
Still, Li hua is puzzled with the usage of some words and the format. (因果)
Mr. Jenkins will not help Li Hua. (對(duì)比)
No. Mr. Jenkins is a very good person, and he is always ready for helping others. (因果)
Mr. Jenkins is not only Li Hua’s teacher, but also his good friend. (因果)
可以看到，通過(guò)寫(xiě)出對(duì)比關(guān)系的句子作提示，我們可以思考出更多內(nèi)容。
有了這些簡(jiǎn)單句以后，我們就可以進(jìn)一步選擇和組合，寫(xiě)出這封信來(lái)：
Dear Mr Jenkins,
Summer vacation is near. In order to earn some money for my collge education as well as pratise my English, I want to apply a part-time job from a foreign capital company in summer vacation. I have already writen down my application and personal resume. But I am not sure about whether or not the words and format are proper even after I have carefully checked them for several times.
I know you are such a kind person that you are always ready for helping others. So I write this letter and send you my application and resume. Will you have any spare time to check them and correct any errors which may exist in them?
Looking forward to your reply!
Sincerely yours
Li Hua
(127 words)
在平時(shí)的練習(xí)中，當(dāng)我們寫(xiě)好作文以后，最好數(shù)一數(shù)單詞的總數(shù)，慢慢養(yǎng)成對(duì)文章長(zhǎng)度的感覺(jué)。
2、如何寫(xiě)議論文
應(yīng)試作文常常考查的另一種題型是寫(xiě)議論文。
寫(xiě)作議論文的基本思維路線(xiàn)是：
?、倌承┻^(guò)去的行為，產(chǎn)生現(xiàn)在的狀況(存在的問(wèn)題);③采取措施的目的，是為了將來(lái)什么樣的結(jié)果。
當(dāng)然，每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，不一定都有內(nèi)容值得寫(xiě)出來(lái)，視具體的題目而定。
下面是一個(gè)四級(jí)考試的真題：
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short easy on how to besthandle the relationship between doctors and patients. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
首先，回答問(wèn)題：我們?yōu)槭裁匆獙?xiě)這篇文章?
We want to best handle the relationship between doctors and patients. (照抄)
其次，回答問(wèn)題：原因是什么?
我們要從過(guò)去的一些不恰當(dāng)方式，或當(dāng)前狀況中存在的問(wèn)題，去找原因。
The relationship between doctors and patients is not very good. (現(xiàn)狀)
Quarrelling and even fighting between doctors and patients are heard from time to time. (現(xiàn)狀)
Doctors felt that their workload was very high but patients did not respect them. (因果)
Patients felt that they were not always treated very well and the fee they paid for their sickness was too high. (因果)
再次，回答問(wèn)題：我們接下來(lái)應(yīng)采取什么樣的措施?
More communication between doctors and patients should be made. (措施)
So that they can understand each other better. (因果)
We should make a better medical system. (措施)
Doctors can do their best for patients not caring about their salary. (因果)
Patients can trust doctors and have enough money for their medical treatment. (因果)
最后，回答問(wèn)題：我們追求的目的是什么?我們想要一個(gè)什么樣的更美好的未來(lái)?
We want a more harmonious society. (因果)
We want that the relationship between doctors and patients will be better. (因果)
Doctors will work harder for the good of patients. (因果)
Patients will understand doctors’ situation. (因果)
在這個(gè)例子中，本身存在著大量的對(duì)立關(guān)系，所以沒(méi)有進(jìn)一步寫(xiě)出對(duì)立句。根據(jù)寫(xiě)出來(lái)的這些句子，已經(jīng)足夠讓我們整合出一篇文章：
How to best handle the relationship between doctors and patients
Recent years, the relationship between doctors and patients is not as good as usual. Quarrelling and even fighting between doctors and patients are heard from time to time. Some patients felt that they were not always treated very well and the fee they paid for their sickness was too high, on the contrary, doctors thought that their workload was very heavy but patients did not respect them.
To solve this problem, as far as I am concerned, more comunication between doctors and patients should be made so that they can understand each other better. Moreover, we should construct an efficient medical system to guarantee that all patients have enough money for their treatment and doctors can do their best in working not caring about their income and social status.
I believe that with the endeavor of all of us the relationship between doctors and patients will become better and better and our society will become more and more harmonious. (159 words)
在平時(shí)的寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練中，可以嚴(yán)格按照這種利用因果關(guān)系和對(duì)立關(guān)系產(chǎn)生內(nèi)容，先寫(xiě)出簡(jiǎn)單句再進(jìn)行組合的步驟來(lái)進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作，并保留整個(gè)寫(xiě)作過(guò)程的分析痕跡。
隨著訓(xùn)練次數(shù)地增加，學(xué)生寫(xiě)作得越來(lái)越熟練，水平越來(lái)越高，整個(gè)過(guò)程慢慢內(nèi)化成一種思維模式。真正進(jìn)入到考試環(huán)節(jié)，可以不必再詳細(xì)寫(xiě)下過(guò)程，而是直接在思維中充分構(gòu)思，然后下筆，一氣呵成寫(xiě)出作文。